Free access

Back matter

Abebe, T. (2012) ‘Interdependent Rights and Agency’ in Hanson, K. and Nieuwenhuys, O. (eds), Reconceptualizing Children’s Rights in International Development: Living Rights, Social Justice, Translations, Cambridge University Press, 71–92.

Abebe, T. (2019) ‘Reconceptualising Children’s Agency as Continuum and Interdependence’, Social Sciences 8(3), 81.

Abramson, B. (2008) Article 2: Non-Discrimination, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Adebisi, F. (2016) ‘Decolonising Education in Africa: Implementing the Right to Education by Re-appropriating Culture and Indigeneity’, Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 67(4), 433–51.

African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) (2014) Centre for Human Rights and Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme v Senegal, Application no. 003/2012, Decision, 15 April 2014.

Alston, P. (1990) ‘The Unborn Child and Abortion under the Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child’, Human Rights Quarterly 12, 156–78.

Alston, P. (1994) ‘The Best Interests Principle: Towards a Reconciliation of Culture and Human Rights’, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 8, 1–25.

Alston, P. (2001) ‘The Historical Origins of the Concept of ‘General Comments’ in Human Rights Law’, in Boisson de Chazournes, L. and Gowland Debbas, V. (eds), The International Legal System in Quest of Equity and Universality: Liber Amicorum Georges Abi-Saab, Martinus Nijhoff, 763–76.

Amerijckx, G. and Humblet, P.C. (2014) ‘Child Well-Being: What Does It Mean?’, Children and Society 28(5), 404–15.

Ammaturo, F. and Moscatti, M. (2021) ‘Children’s Rights and Gender Identity: A New Frontier of Children’s Protagonism?’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 39(2) Special Issue: New Frontiers of Children’s Rights, 146–62.

Ang, F. et al. (2006) ‘Participation Rights in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’ in Ang, F. et al. (eds), Participation Rights of Children, Intersentia, 9–26.

Archard, D. (1993) Children: Rights and Childhood, Routledge.

Arts, K. and Popovski, V. (eds) (2006) International Criminal Accountability and the Rights of Children, Hague Academic Press.

Axford, N. (2009) ‘Child Well-being through Different Lenses: Why Concept Matters’, Child and Family Social Work 14, 372–83.

Bailliet, C.M. (2018) ‘The Strategic Prudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Rejection of Requests for an Advisory Opinion’, Revista de Direito Internacional, Brasília 15(1), 254–76.

p. 135Balagopalan, S. (2019) ‘Why Historicize Rights-subjectivities? Children’s Rights, Compulsory Schooling, and the Deregulation of Child Labor in India’, Childhood 26(3), 304–20.

Barnes, A. (2012) ‘CRC’s Performance of the Child as Developing’ in Freeman, M.D.A. (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 392–418.

Bayefsky, A.F. (1990) ‘Equality and Non-discrimination’, Human Rights Law Journal 11, 1–34.

Bhabha, Jacqueline (2008) ‘Independent Children, Inconsistent Adults: International Child Migration and the Legal Framework’, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Discussion Papers IDP No. 2008-02, May 2008.

Bielefeldt, H., ‘Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief’, A/70/286, 5 August 2015.

Blanchet-Cohen, N. (2015) ‘Indigenous Children’s Rights: Opportunities in Appropriation and Transformation’ in Vandenhole, W. et al. (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies, Routledge, 371–86.

Bourdillon, M., White, B. and Myers, W.E. (2009) ‘Re‐assessing Minimum‐Age Standards for Children’s Work’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 29(3/4), 106–17.

Brems, E. (2006) ‘Above Children’s Heads – The Headscarf Controversy in European Schools from the Perspective of Children’s Rights’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 14, 119–36.

Brems, E. (2006) Article 14: The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion - A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Broughton, F. (2016) ‘Overstepping the Mark? The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child’s Recommendations to Decriminalise Abortion in Ireland and the Meaning of “Child” within the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 24(4), 687–717.

Byrne, B. (2012) ‘Minding the Gap? Children with Disabilities and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’, in Freeman, M.D.A. (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 419–37.

Caldwell Holt, J. (1974) Escape from Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children, Ballantine Books.

Cantwell, P. (1992) ‘The Origins, Development and Significance of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child’, in Detrick, S. (ed.), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Guide to the ‘Travaux Préparatoires’, Martinus Nijhoff, 19–30.

Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria and La Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de L’Homme v Senegal No. 003/Com/001/2012 (2012).

Chamallas, M. (1993) ‘Review’, Signs 18, 678–83.

Cheney, K.E. and Smith Rotabi, K. (2017) ‘Addicted to Orphans: How the Global Orphan Industrial Complex Jeopardizes Local Child Protection Systems’, in Harker, C., Hörschelmann, K. and Skelton, T. (eds), Conflict, Violence and Peace. Geographies of Children and Young People, Volume 11, Springer, 89–107.

p. 136Children and Armed Conflict, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/ [last accessed 16 November 2021].

Cockburn, T. (2012) Rethinking Children’s Citizenship, Palgrave Macmillan.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1990) GC 3 on the nature of States Parties’ obligations, E/1991/23, 14 December 1990.

CESCR (1997) GC 7 on the right to adequate housing (art. 11 (1) of the Covenant): Forced Evictions, E/1998/22, 20 May 1997.

CESCR (1999) GC 11 on plans of action for primary education (art. 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), E/C.12/1999/4, 10 May 1999.

CESCR (1999) GC 13 on the right to education (art. 13 of the Covenant), E/C.12/1999/10, 8 December 1999.

CESCR (2000) GC 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, E/C.12/2000/4, 11 August 2000.

CESCR (2001) ‘Statement on Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, E/C.12/2001/10, 10 May 2001.

CESCR (2003) GC 15 on the right to water, E/C.12/2002/11, 20 January 2003.

CESCR (2008) GC 19 on the right to social security (Article 9), E/C.12/GC/19, 4 February 2008.

CESCR (2017) Ben Djazia et al. v Spain, Application no. 5/2015, Decision, 20 June 2017.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Committee) and CRC Committee (2014) Joint general recommendation/GC 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on harmful practices, CRC/C/GC/18, 4 November 2014.

Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (CMW) and Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC Committee) (2017) Joint GC 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on State Obligations Regarding the Human Rights of Children in the Context of International Migration in Countries of Origin, Transit, Destination and Return, CMW/C/GC/4 – CRC/C/GC/23, 16 November 2017.

Commonwealth of Australia (1997) Bringing them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families, April 1997.

Corsaro, W.A. (2005) The Sociology of Childhood (2nd edn), Sage Publications.

Council of Europe (2011) Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-friendly Justice, 17 November 2010, https://rm.coe.int/16804b2cf3 [last accessed 2 March 2022]

CRC Committee (1991) General Guidelines Regarding the Form and Content of Initial Reports to Be Submitted by States Parties under Article 44, Paragraph 1(a), of the Convention, CRC/C/5, 30 October 1991.

CRC Committee (1993) Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Bolivia, CRC/C/15/Add.1, 18 February 1993.

p. 137CRC Committee (1994) Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: France, CRC/C/15/Add.20, 25 April 1994.

CRC Committee (1996) Guidelines of the Committee on the Rights of the Child Regarding the Form and Contents of Periodic Reports to be Submitted by States Parties, CRC/C/58, 20 November 1996.

CRC Committee (2001) GC 1 on article 29 (1), the aims of education, CRC/GC/2001/1, 17 April 2001.

CRC Committee (2002) Concluding Observations: Tunisia, CRC/C/15/Add.181, 13 June 2002.

CRC Committee (2003) GC 3 on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child, CRC/GC/2003/3, 17 March 2003.

CRC Committee (2003) GC 4 on adolescent health and development in the context of the convention on the rights of the child, CRC/GC/2003/4, 1 July 2003.

CRC Committee (2003) GC 5 on general measures of implementation of the convention on the rights of the child, CRC/GC/2003/5, 27 November 2003.

CRC Committee (2005) GC 6 on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin, CRC/GC/2005/6, 5 September 2005.

CRC Committee (2005) GC 7 on implementing child rights in early childhood, CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1, 20 September 2006.

CRC Committee (2006) GC 8 on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment (arts 19; 28, para 2; and 37, inter alia), CRC/C/GC/8, 2 March 2007.

CRC Committee (2006) GC 9 on the rights of children with disabilities, CRC/C/GC/9, 27 February 2007.

CRC Committee (2007) GC 10 on children’s rights in juvenile justice, CRC/C/GC/10, 25 April 2007.

CRC Committee (2009) GC 11 on indigenous children and their rights under the convention, CRC/C/GC/11, 12 February 2009.

CRC Committee (2009) GC 12 on the right of the child to be heard, CRC/C/GC/12, 20 July 2009.

CRC Committee (2011) GC 13 on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, CRC/C/GC/11, 18 April 2011.

CRC Committee (2013) GC 14 on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, CRC/C/GC/14, 19 May 2013.

CRC Committee (2013) GC 15 on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (Art. 24), CRC/C/GC/15, 17 April 2013.

CRC Committee (2013) GC 16 on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, CRC/C/GC/16, 17 April 2013.

CRC Committee (2015) Guidelines of the Committee on the Rights of the Child Regarding the Form and Contents of Periodic Reports to be Submitted by States Parties under Article 44, Paragraph 1(b), of the Convention, CRC/C/58, 20 November 1996.

CRC Committee (2015) Rules of Procedure, CRC/C/4/Rev.4, 18 March 2015.

CRC Committee (2015) Treaty-specific Guidelines Regarding the Form and Content of Periodic Reports to Be Submitted by States Parties under Article 44, Paragraph 1 (b), of the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, CRC/C/58/Rev.3, 3 March 2015.

p. 138CRC Committee (2016) Concluding Observations: Bulgaria, CRC/C/BGR/CO/3-5, 21 November 2016.

CRC Committee (2016) Concluding Observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island, CRC/C/GBR/CO/5, 12 July 2016.

CRC Committee (2016) GC 19 on public budgeting for the realization of children’s rights (art. 4), CRC/C/GC/19, 20 July 2016.

CRC Committee (2016) GC 20 on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, CRC/C/GC/20, 6 December 2016.

CRC Committee (2017) GC 21 on children in street situations, CRC/C/GC/20, 21 June 2017.

CRC Committee (2018) Concluding observations: Spain, CRC/C/ESP/CO/5-6, 4 March 2018.

CRC Committee (2018) I.A.M. v. Denmark: Views adopted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure in respect of communication Application No. 3/2016, CRC/C/77/D/3/2016, 25 January 2018.

CRC Committee (2019) GC 24 on children’s rights in the child justice system, CRC/C/GC/24, 18 September 2019.

CRC Committee (2020) Concluding Observations: Palestine, CRC/C/PSE/CO/1, 6 March 2020.

CRC Committee (2021) Concluding Observations: Luxembourg, CRC/C/LUX/CO/5-6, 21 June 2021.

CRC Committee (2021) GC 25 on Children’s Rights in Relation to the Digital Environment, CRC/C/GC/25, 2 March 2021.

CRediT, Contributor Roles Taxonomy: CRediT, https://credit.niso.org/ [last accessed 13 October 2021].

CRPD Committee (2016) GC 4 on the right to inclusive education, CRPD/C/GC/4, 25 November 2016.

Daiute, C. (2008) ‘The Rights of Children, the Rights of Nations: Developmental Theory and the Politics of Children’s Rights’, Journal of Social Issues 64(4), 701–23.

Daly, A. (2013) ‘Demonstrating Positive Obligations: Children’s Rights and Peaceful Protest in International Law’ George Washington International Law Review 45, 763–92.

Daly, A. (2016) Article 15: The Right to Freedom of Association and Peaceful Assembly – A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Detrick, S. (1999) A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Doek, J.E. (2006) Articles 8–9: The Right to Preservation of Identity and the Right Not to Be Separated from His or Her Parents, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Drumbl, M.A. (2012) Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy, Oxford University Press.

Dwyer, C. and McAlister, S. (2017) ‘Raising the Age of Criminal Responsibility: Endless Debate, Limited Progress’, ARK Feature 3, 1–3.

Eekelaar, J. (1992) ‘The Importance of Thinking That Children Have Rights’, International Journal of Law and the Family 6, 221–35.

p. 139Eide, A. (1987) ‘The Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right: Final Report submitted by Asbjørn Eide’, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23, 7 July 1987.

Eide, A. (2006) Article 27: The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living - A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Ensor, M.O. and Goździak, E.M. (2010) ‘Migrant Children at the Crossroads: Introduction’ in Ensor, M.O. and Goździak, E.M. (eds), Children and Migration: At the Crossroads of Resiliency and Vulnerability, Palgrave Macmillan, 1–12.

Erdem Türkelli, G. (2020) Children’s Rights and Business: Governing Obligations and Responsibility, Cambridge University Press.

Erdem Türkelli, G. (2021) ‘Children’s Rights when Financing Development through Multilateral Development Banks: Mapping the Field and Looking Forward’, The International Journal of Children’s Rights 29(1), 199–238.

Erdem Türkelli, G. (2021) ‘Eradicating Child Labor: Ending Economic Exploitation of Children as an Objective of Sustainable Development’, in Leal Filho W. et al. (eds), Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Decent Work and Economic Growth, Springer, Cham (online).

European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) (2006) World Organisation against Torture (‘OMCT’) v Portugal, Complaint No. 34/2006, 6 December 2006.

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) (1989) Gaskin v United Kingdom, Application no. 10454/83, Judgement, 7 July 1989.

ECtHR (1992) Niemietz v Germany, Application no. 13710/88, Judgment, 16 December 1992.

ECtHR (1998) A. v The United Kingdom, Application no. 100/1997/884/1096, Judgment, 23 September 1998.

ECtHR (1998) Guerra v Italy, Application no. 116/1996/735/932, Judgment, 19 February 1998.

ECtHR (1999) T. v The United Kingdom, Application no. 24724/94, Judgment, 16 December 1999.

ECtHR (2003) Peck v United Kingdom, Application no. 44647/98, Judgment, 28 January 2003.

ECtHR (2007) Folgero v Norway, Application no. 15472/02, Judgment, 29 June 2007.

ECtHR (2008) Salduz v Turkey, Application no. 36391/02, Judgment, 27 November 2008.

ECtHR (2011) Bah v United Kingdom, Application no. 56328/07, Judgment, 27 September 2011.

ECtHR (2012) Berladir and Others v Russia, Application no. 34202/06, Judgment, 10 July 2012.

ECtHR (2014) Tarakhel v Switzerland, Application no. 29217/12, Judgment, 4 November 2014.

ECtHR (2015) M. and M. v Croatia, Application no. 10161/13, Judgment, 3 September 2015.

ECtHR (2016) Blokhin v Russia, Application no. 47152/06, Judgment, 23 March 2016.

ECtHR (2017) Osmanoglu and Kocabas v Switzerland, Application no. 29086/12, Judgment, 10 January 2017.

p. 140ECtHR (2018) A.R. and L.R. v Switzerland, Application no. 22338/15, Admissibility Decision, 18 January 2018.

ECtHR (2018) Khusnutdinov and X. v Russia, Application no. 76598/12, Judgment, 18 December 2018.

European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2016) Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR) (OJ L 119) 1–88.

Farson, F. (1974) Birthrights: A Bill of Rights for Children, Macmillan.

Faulker, E.A. and Nyamutata, C. (2020) ‘The Decolonisation of Children’s Rights and the Colonial Contours of the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, 66–88.

Fenton-Glynn, C. (ed.) (2019) Children’s Rights and Sustainable Development: Interpreting the UNCRC for Future Generations, Cambridge University Press.

Flanagan, C. (2012) Teenage Citizens: Political Theories of the Young, Harvard University Press.

Freeman, M.D.A. (2007) Article 3: The Best Interests of the Child, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Freeman, M.D.A. (2011) ‘The Value and Values of Children’s Rights’ in Invernizzi, A. and Williams, J. (eds), The Human Rights of Children. From Visions to Implementation, Ashgate, 21–36.

Freeman, M.D.A. (2012) ‘Introduction’ in Freeman, M.D.A (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 1–9.

Gratham-McGregor, S. et al. (2007) ‘Developmental Potential in the First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries’, The Lancet 369, 60–70.

Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) Adoption Section, https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/specialised-sections/intercountry-adoption [last accessed 7 October 2021].

Hammarberg, T. (1990) ‘The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child – And How to Make It Work’, Human Rights Quarterly 12, 97–105.

Hanson, K. and Lundy, L. (2017) ‘Does Exactly What It Says on the Tin? A Critical Analysis and Alternative Conceptualisation of the So-called “General Principles” of the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 25(2), 285–306.

Hanson, K. and Vandaele, A. (2012) ‘Translating Working Children’s Rights into International Labour Law’ in Hanson, K. and Nieuwenhuys, O. (eds), Reconceptualizing Children’s Rights in International Development: Living Rights, Social Justice, Translations, Cambridge University Press, 250–72.

Herring, J. (2012) ‘Vulnerability, Children, and the Law’ in Freeman, M.D.A. (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues, Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 243–63.

Hodgkin, R. and Newell, P. (2007) Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Prepared for UNICEF (3rd edn), UNICEF.

Hodgson, D. (1994) ‘The Child’s Right to Life, Survival and Development’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 2(1), 369–94.

Honwana, A. (2005) Child Soldiers in Africa, University of Pennsylvania Press.

p. 141Human Rights Committee (HRC) (1993) GC 22 on the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (art. 18), CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, 27 September 1993.

HRC (2011) GC 34 on Article 19: Freedoms of Opinion and Expression, CCPR/C/GC/34, 12 September 2011.

HRC (2014) Bronson Blessington and Matthew Elliot v Australia, Communication No. 1968/2010, 22 October 2014.

HRC (2018) GC 36 on Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life, CCPR/C/GC/36, 30 October 2018.

Hunt Federle, K. (2009) ‘Review Essay: Rights, Not Wrongs’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 17, 321–9.

Interagency Working Group on Sexual Exploitation of Children (2016) Terminology Guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (The Luxembourg Guidelines).

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) (2010) Xakmok Kasek Indigenous Community v Paraguay (Merits, Reparations and Costs), Judgment, 24 August 2010.

Invernizzi, A. and Williams, J. (2011) ‘Introduction: Human Rights of Children: From Visions to Implementation?’ in Invernizzi, A. and Williams, J. (eds), Understanding a Human Rights Based Approach to Matters Involving Children: Conceptual Foundations and Strategic Considerations, Ashgate, 1–19.

James, A. and Prout, A. (1997) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, Falmer.

Jawoniyi, O. (2014) ‘Fulfilling Article 29:1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child – the Aims of Education – through Religious Education’ Religion and Human Rights 9, 31–59.

Joseph, R. (2009) Human Rights and the Unborn Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Joseph, S., Schultz, J. and Castan, M. (2004) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Cases, Materials, and Commentary, Oxford University Press.

Kiai, M., ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai’, A/HRC/23/39, 24 April 2013.

Kilkelly, U. and Liefaard, T. (2018) ‘International Children’s Rights: Reflections on a Complex, Dynamic, and Relatively Young Area of Law’ in Kilkelly, U. and Liefaard, T. (eds), International Human Rights of Children, Springer, 617–27.

Kline, M. (1992) ‘Child Welfare Law, “Best Interests of the Child” Ideology, and First Nations’, Osgoode Hall Law Journal 30(2), 375–425.

Klocker, N. (2007) ‘An Example of “Thin” Agency: Child Domestic Workers in Tanzania’ in Panelli, R., Punch, S. and Robson, E. (eds), Global Perspectives on Rural Childhood and Youth: Young Rural Lives, Routledge, 83–94.

Knox, J. (2018) ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment’, A/HRC/37/58, 24 January 2018.

Koch, I.E. (2009) Human Rights as Indivisible Rights: The Protection of Socioeconomic Demands under the European Convention on Human Rights, Brill.

p. 142Kohm, L.M. (2008) ‘Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interest of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence’, Journal of Law and Family Studies 10(2), 337–76.

Lamarche, L. (2002) ‘The Right to Social Security in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ in Chapman, A.R. and Russell, S. (eds), Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Intersentia, 87–114.

Langlaude, S. (2007) Right of the Child to Religious Freedom in International Law, International Studies in Human Rights, Brill Academic Publishers.

Lansdown, G. (2005) The Evolving Capacities of the Child, UNICEF.

Lesnik-Oberstein, K. (2011) ‘Introduction: Voice, Agency and the Child’, in Lesnik-Oberstein, K. (ed.), Children in Culture, Revisited: Further Approaches to Childhood, Palgrave Macmillan, 1–17.

Lewis, B. (2021) ‘Children’s Human Rights-based Climate Litigation at the Frontiers of Environmental and Children’s Rights’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 39(2) Special Issue: New Frontiers of Children’s Rights, 180–203.

Liebel, M. (2012) ‘Do Children Have a Right to Work? Working Children’s Movements in the Struggle for Social Justice’ in Hanson, K. and Nieuwenhuys, O. (eds), Reconceptualizing Children’s Rights in International Development: Living Rights, Social Justice, Translations, Cambridge University Press, 225–49.

Liebel, M. (2021) ‘Economic and Labour Rights – A Blind Spot in the Discourse on Children’s Rights’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 39(2) Special Issue: New Frontiers of Children’s Rights, 163–79.

Lievens, E. (2021) ‘Growing Up with Digital Technologies: An Exploration of How the Precautionary Principle Might Contribute to Addressing Potential Serious Harm to Children(’s Rights)’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 39(2) Special Issue: New Frontiers of Children’s Rights, 128–45.

Lister, R. (2008) ‘Unpacking Children’s Citizenship’ in Invernizzi, A. and Williams, J. (eds), Children and Citizenship, SAGE Publications, 9–19.

Lopatka, A. (2007) ‘Introduction by Adam Lopatka, Chairman/Rapporteur of the Working Group on a Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child’ in OHCHR (ed.), Legislative History of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, I, United Nations, xxxviii–xxxix.

Lundy, L. (2007) ‘“Voice” is Not Enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child’, British Educational Research Journal 33(6), 927–42.

Manco, E. (2015) ‘Detention of the Child in the Light of International Law – A Commentary on Article 37 of the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child’ Amsterdam Law Forum 7(1), 55–75.

Maravel, A. (1996) ‘The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Hague Conference on Private International Law: The Dynamics of Children’s Rights through Legal Strata’, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 6, 309–28.

Martin, J. (2006) ‘The Good, the Bad & the Ugly – a New Way of Looking at the Intercountry Adoption Debate’ University of California Davis Journal of International Law and Policy 13, 173–216.

Mayall, B. (2000) ‘The Sociology of Childhood in Relation to Children’s Rights’, The International Journal of Children’s Rights 8(3), 243–59.

p. 143Mezmur, B.D. (2009) ‘Intercountry Adoption as a Measure of Last Resort in Africa: Advancing the Rights of a Child Rather Than a Right to a Child’ Sur Revista Internacional de Direitos Humanos 6, 82–105.

Minow, M. (1990) Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion and American Law, Cornell University Press.

Morrow, V. and Pells K. (2012) ‘Integrating Children’s Human Rights and Child Poverty Debates: Examples from Young Lives in Ethiopia and India’, Sociology 46, 906–20.

Munn, N. (2021) ‘The Trap of Incrementalism in Recognising Children’s Right to Vote’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 39(2) Special Issue: New Frontiers of Children’s Rights, 113–27.

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child (2004) ‘Children’s Emotional Development Is Built into the Architecture of Their Brains’, Working Paper No. 2.

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child and the National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs (2010) ‘The Foundations of Lifelong Health’, Working Paper.

Nolan, A. (2012) ‘Litigating the Child’s Right to a Life Free from Violence: Seeking the Prohibition of Parental Physical Punishment of Children through the Courts’ in Freeman, M.D.A. (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 530–53.

Nowak, M. (2005) Article 6: The Right to Life, Survival and Development - A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Nowak, M. (2005) UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – CCPR Commentary (2nd edn), N.P. Engel Publishers.

Nowak, M. (2019) ‘The United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty’, https://omnibook.com/global-study-2019/liberty/page-001.html [last accessed 7 March 2022].

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (in collaboration with UNICEF) (2009) ‘Machel Study Ten-Year Strategic Review: Children and Conflict in a Changing World’, UNICEF.

OHCHR (ed.), Legislative History of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, United Nations.

OHCHR, CRC Concluding Observations, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en&TreatyID=5&TreatyID=10&TreatyID=11&DocTypeID=5 [last accessed 16 November 2021].

OHCHR, CRC General Comments, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en&TreatyID=5&DocTypeID=11 [last accessed 16 November 2021].

OHCHR, Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/SREducation/Pages/SREducationIndex.aspx [last accessed 16 November 2021].

OHCHR, Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Children/Pages/ChildrenIndex.aspx [last accessed 16 November 2021].

p. 144OHCHR, Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Trafficking/Pages/TraffickingIndex.aspx [last accessed 16 November 2021].

OHCHR, Working Group on discrimination against women and girls, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WGWomen/Pages/WGWomenIndex.aspx [last accessed 16 November 2021].

OHCHR, Working Methods CRC, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/WorkingMethodsCRC.doc [last accessed 28 June 2021].

Ontario Superior Court of Justice (2017) Brown v Canada (Attorney General), CV-09-372025-CP, 14 February 2017.

Østby, G., Aas Rustad, S. and Forø Tollefsen, A. (2009) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2018, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).

Parsons, T. and Bales, R.F. (2002) Family Socialization and Interaction Process, Routledge.

Peleg, N. (2012) ‘Time to Grow Up: The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child’s Jurisprudence of the Right to Development’ in Freeman, M.D.A. (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 371–91.

Piaget, J. and Inhelder B. (2000) The Psychology of the Child (2nd edn), Basic Books.

Pollard, E.L. and Lee, P.D. (2003) ‘Child Well-being: A Systematic Review of the Literature’, Social Indicators Research 61(1), 59–78.

Quennerstedt, A. (2012) ‘Transforming Children’s Human Rights – From Universal Claims to National Particularity’ in Freeman, M.D.A. (ed.), Law and Childhood Studies: Current Legal Issues Volume 14, Oxford University Press, 104–16.

Qvortrup, J. (2009) ‘Are Children Human Beings or Human Becomings? A Critical Assessment of Outcome Thinking’, Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali 117(3/4), 631–53.

Qvortrup, J., Corsaro, W.A. and Honig, M.S. (2009) ‘Why Social Studies of Childhood: An Introduction to the Handbook’ in Qvortrup, J., Corsaro, W.A. and Honig, M.S. (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Childhood Studies (1st edn), Palgrave Macmillan, 1–18.

Rainey, B., Wicks, E. and Ovey, C. (2014) The European Convention on Human Rights (6th edn), Oxford University Press.

Ramcharan, B.G. (1981) ‘Equality and Nondiscrimination’ in Henkin, L. (ed.), The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Columbia University Press, 246–69.

Research.com, 55 Education Statistics: Global Data, Latest Trends & Predictions, https://www.guide2research.com/research/education-statistics [last accessed 7 October 2021].

Riddell, S. and Tisdall, E.K.M. (2021) ‘Transforming Children’s Rights? Dilemmas, Challenges and Implementation’, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 43(1), 1–7.

Riedel, E., Giacca, G. and Golay, C. (2014) ‘The Development of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law’ in Riedel, E., Giacca, G. and Golay, C. (eds), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law: Contemporary Issues and Challenges, Oxford University Press, 3–50.

p. 145Rodó-de-Zárate, M. (2016) ‘Who Else Are They? Conceptualizing Intersectionality for Childhood and Youth Research’, Children’s Geographies 15(1), Special Issue: Intersectionality and Childhood Studies: A Critical Dialogue across Time, Space and Place, 23–5.

Sabatello, M. (2013) ‘Children with Disabilities: A Critical Appraisal’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 21, 464–87.

Sandberg, K. (2015) ‘The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Vulnerability of Children’, Nordic Journal of International Law 84, 221–47.

Sandland, R. (2017) ‘A Clash of Conventions? Participation, Power and the Rights of Disabled Children’, Social Inclusion 5, 93–103.

Sandland, R. (2017) ‘Lessons for Children’s Rights from Disability Rights?’, in Brems, E., Desmet, E. and Vandenhole, W. (eds), Children’s Rights Law in the Global Human Rights Landscape: Isolation, Inspiration, Integration?, Routledge, 109–28.

Saul, B., Kinley, D. and Mowbray, J. (2014) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases, and Materials, Oxford University Press.

Save the Children, Monitoring Child Well-being Using Child Researchers: Results from Four Pilot Districts in Somalia https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/16229/pdf/community_child_researchers_final_report.pdf [last accessed 17 November 2021].

Sax, H. (2006) Deprivation of Liberty of Children (Article 37(b), (c), (d)) - A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff, 33–94.

Schabas, W.A. (2006) Prohibition of Torture, Death Penalty, Life Imprisonment and Deprivation of Liberty (Article 37(a)) - Article 37: Prohibition of Torture, Death Penalty, Life Imprisonment, and Deprivation of Liberty - A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff, 1–32.

Schabas, W.A. (2011) ‘On the Binding Nature of the Findings of the Treaty Bodies’, in Bassiouni, M.C. and Schabas, W.A. (eds), New Challenges for the UN Human Rights Machinery: What Future for the UN Treaty Body System and the Human Rights Council Procedures?, Intersentia, 97–106.

Scheinin, M. (2001) ‘The Right to Social Security’ in Eide, A. et al. (eds), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 211–21.

Semyonovitch Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Harvard University Press.

Sepúlveda, M. (2003) The Nature of the Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Volume 18, School of Human Rights Research Series, Intersentia.

Simmons, B.A. (2009) Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Policies, Cambridge University Press.

Sloper, P. and Beresford B. (2014) ‘Children Who Have Disabilities’, in Melton, G.B. et al. (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Child Research, SAGE Publications, 245–65.

p. 146Smyth, C. (2015) ‘The Best Interests of the Child in the Expulsion and First-entry Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights: How Principled is the Court’s Use of the Principle?’, European Journal of Migration and Law 17, 70–103.

Strandholdt Andersen, C. and Dolva, A. (2015) ‘Children’s Perspective on their Right to Participate in Decision-making According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 12’, Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 35, 218–30.

Ten Haaf, L. (2017) ‘Unborn and Future Children as New Legal Subjects: An Evaluation of Two Subject-oriented Approaches – The Subject of Rights and the Subject of Interests’, German Law Journal 18(5), 1091–119.

Their World, ‘Children with Disabilities’, https://theirworld.org/explainers/children-with-disabilities [last accessed 13 April 2021].

Thorgeirsdottir, H. (2006) Article 13: The Right to Freedom of Expression, A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Thorne, B., (1987) ‘Re-Visioning Women and Social Change: Where Are the Children?’, Gender and Society 1(1), 85–109.

Tisdall, E.K.M. (2015) ‘Children and Young People’s Participation: A Critical Consideration of Article 12’ in Vandenhole, W. et al. (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies, Routledge, 185–200.

Tobin, J. (2011) ‘Understanding a Human Rights Based Approach to Matters Involving Children: Conceptual Foundations and Strategic Considerations’ in Invernizzi, A. and Williams, J. (eds), The Human Rights of Children: From Visions to Implementation, Ashgate, 61–98.

Twum-Danso Imoh, A. and Ansell, N. (eds) (2014) Children’s Lives in an Era of Children’s Rights: The Progress of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Africa, Routledge.

UN Economic and Social Council (1984) ‘Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child’, E/CN.4/1984/71, 23 February 1984.

UN General Assembly (2012) Status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 3 August 2012.

UN Secretary General (2013) ‘Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association’, A/68/299, 7 August 2013.

UN Security Council (1999) Resolution 1261 on children and armed conflict, S/RES/1261, 25 August 1999.

UN Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (2015) ‘Study on Comprehensive, Rights-Based and Child-Centred Care, Recovery and Reintegration Programmes’.

UNESCO, Education: From disruption to recovery, https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse [last accessed 7 October 2021].

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (1976) Resolution 31/169 International Year of the Child, A/RES/31/169, 21 December 1976.

UNGA (1991) United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty, A/RES/45/113, 2 April 1991.

UNICEF (2007) Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNICEF.

UNICEF, Universal child benefits: Policy issues and options, https://www.unicef.org/reports/universal-child-benefits-2020 [last accessed 7 October 2021].

p. 147UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2017) ‘Child Privacy in the Age of Web 2.0 and 3.0: Challenges and opportunities for policy’, Discussion Paper 2017-03, December 2017.

United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1988) Question of a Convention on the Rights of the Child/Report of the Working Group on a draft Convention on the Rights of the Child, E/CN. 4/1988/28, 6 April 1988.

United Nations Human Rights Council (2011) ‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework’, A/HRC/17/31, 21 March 2011.

United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2020) Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report 2020, September 2020.

Van Bueren, G. (1998) The International Law on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Van Der Hof, S., Lievens, E. and Milkaete, I. (2019) ‘The Protection of Children’s Personal Data in a Data-driven World: A Closer Look at the DGPR from a Children’s Rights Perspective’ in Liefaard, T., Rap, S. and Rodrigues, P. (eds), Monitoring Children’s Rights in the Netherlands: 30 Years of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Leiden University Press.

Vandenhole, W. (2003) ‘Completing the UN Complaint Mechanisms for Human Rights Violations Step by Step: Towards a Complaints Procedure to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 21, 423–62.

Vandenhole, W. (2005) Non-discrimination and Equality in the View of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Intersentia.

Vandenhole, W. (2009) ‘Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the CRC: Is There a Legal Obligation to Cooperate Internationally for Development?’, International Journal of Children’s Rights 17, 23–63.

Vandenhole, W. (2015) ‘Children’s Rights from a Legal Perspective: Children’s Rights Law’, in Vandenhole, W. et al. (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies, Routledge, 27–42.

Vandenhole, W. (2015) ‘Obligations and Responsibility in a Plural and Diverse Duty-bearer Human Rights Regime’ in Vandenhole, W. (ed.), Challenging Territoriality in Human Rights Law: Building Blocks for a Plural and Diverse Duty-Bearer Regime, Routledge, 115–35.

Vandenhole, W. (2017) ‘Distinctive Characteristics of Children’s Human Rights Law’, in Brems, E., Desmet, E. and Vandenhole, W. (eds), Children’s Rights Law in the Global Human Rights Landscape: Isolation, Inspiration, Integration?, Routledge, 21–36.

Vandenhole, W. (2020) ‘Decolonising Children’s Rights: Of Vernacularisation and Interdisciplinarity’, in Budde, R. and Urszula Markowska-Manista (eds.), Childhood and Children’s Rights between Research and Activism, Springer, 187–220.

Vandenhole, W. (2021) ‘Beyond a Living Apart Together Relationship: A Children’s Rights Perspective on Child Well-being’, Population Review 60(1), 51–74.

Vandenhole, W. (2021) ‘Child Impoverishment and the Human Rights of Children’ in Davis, M.F. et al. (eds), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Poverty, Edward Elgar Publishing.

p. 148Vandenhole, W. and Erdem Türkelli, G. (2019) ‘The Best Interests of the Child’, in Todres, J. and King, S.M. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Children’s Rights Law, Oxford University Press, 203–21.

Vandenhole, W., Parmentier, S. and Derluyn, I. (2011) ‘Editorial Introduction – International Law on Children and Armed Conflict: The Interface between Various Normative Frameworks’, Human Rights and International Legal Discourse 5, 2–14.

Vandenhole, W., Erdem Türkelli, G. and Lembrechts, S. (2019) Children’s Rights: A Commentary on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Its Protocols, Edward Elgar.

Vanobbergen, B. (2015) ‘Children’s Rights and Childhood Studies: From Living Apart Together towards a Happy Marriage’ in Vandenhole, W. et al. (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies, Routledge, 60–76.

Verhellen, E. (2015) ‘The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Reflections from a Historical, Social Policy and Educational Perspective’ in Vandenhole, W. et al. (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies, 44–5.

Violence Against Children, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children, https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org [last accessed 16 November 2021]

Vité, S. and Boéchat, H. (2008) Article 21: Adoption - A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Martinus Nijhoff.

Wabwile, M. (2009) ‘Re-Examining States’ External Obligations to Implement Economic and Social Rights of Children’, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 22, 407–49.

Walker, S.P. et al. (2007) ‘Child Development: Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Developing Countries’, The Lancet 369, 145–57.

Wall, J. (2010) Ethics in Light of Childhood, Georgetown University Press.

Welty, E. and Lundy, L. (2013) ‘A Children’s Rights-based Approach to Involving Children In Decision Making’, Journal of Science Communication 12(3), C02.

Weyns, Y. (2012) ‘On Children’s Rights and Wrongs: The Challenges for a Rights-Based Approach to Reintegration’ in Mels, C. et al. (eds), Re-Member: Rehabilitation, Reintegration and Reconciliation of War-Affected Children, Volume 11, Series on Transitional Justice, Intersentia, 533–55.

World Health Organization (WHO), Malnutrition, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition [last accessed 7 October 2021].