Index
Publication Date:
30 Jun 2022
Page Range:
149–158
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789900286.bm002
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Index

Africa
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981) 7
art 4 80
art 18 7
scope 10
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990) 7
art 2 32
African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 7
America
American Convention on Human Rights (1969) 8
art 4 80
focus 10
monitoring 8
San Salvador Protocol 8, 10
Beijing Rules (1985) 85, 90
child
defining 32–3
‘hard 18’ approach 32, 33
child liberationism 37–8
child wellbeing 42–4, 88, 108
core concepts 42
improving 95–7
indicator-based studies 43
needs 42
poverty 42
protecting 35, 90, 103
protection from harmful material 109
state obligations 92
quality of life 42
rights 42
right to health 93, 95
social exclusion 42
see also right to health
childhood 82
children as beings 34
child citizenship 38
civil rights 37–8
children’s agency 41–2
child soldiers 42, 123–4
defining 33–4
developmental approach 34–5
psychological development 35–6
socialisation 36–7
new sociology of 38–40
vulnerability of children 40–42
children’s rights 13–14, 79, 133
in armed conflict 29–30
children with disabilities see right to health
definition 13
differentiated see differentiated rights
education see right to education
equal see equal rights
challenges 127–8
emerging 129–31
implementation issues 128
recognition of children’s legal capacity 128–9
institutional structure 26–9
complexity 26
CRC monitoring 26–7
inter-country adoption 30
p. 150minorities 77
moving beyond Western conceptualisations 132–3
new duty-bearers 131
non-legal approaches 32
protection see protection rights
special see special rights
see also Convention on the Rights of the Child
Committee on Migrant Workers 75, 86
Joint General Comment 4 76
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) 10, 16
art 1.1 46
art 4.1 46
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)
art 2(f) 97
art 5(b) 6
art 16.1(d) 6
art 16.1(f) 6
art 16.2 6
scope 10
CEDAW Committee Joint General Recommendation/Comment on harmful practices 97
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988) 119
Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) 119
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) 74
Convention on the Rights of the Child 10
adoption 14
art 1 32
art 2 20, 21, 69–70, 98
art 3 20, 21–2, 23, 86, 102
art 3.1 22, 103
art 3.2 103, 104
art 4 10, 18, 25
art 5 21, 37, 102, 104
art 6 21, 45
art 6.1 80, 81, 82
art 6.2 81
art 7.2 25
art 8 110, 111
art 9 111
art 9.1 111
art 9.3 111
art 10 112
art 10.1 112
art 11 112
art 11.2 25
art 12 20, 21, 45, 106–7, 113
art 12.1 106
art 12.2 106
art 13 11, 45, 50–51
art 13.2 50
art 14 11, 45, 51
art 14.2 52
art 14.3 53
art 15 11, 45, 53–4, 55
art 15.1 54
art 15.2 54
art 16 11, 45, 48
art 17 108–9
art 17(b) 25, 45
art 17(e) 109
art 18 24
art 18.1 111
art 18.2 111
art 18.3 111
art 19 115, 116
art 19.1 115
art 20 75
art 20.1 112–13
art 21 23
art 21(a) 113
art 21(b) 114
art 21(c) 114
art 21 (d) 114
art 21(e) 25
art 22 73, 74
art 22.1 74
art 22.2 25, 75
art 22.4 93, 94
art 23 73, 98, 99
art 23.1 99
p. 151art 23.4 25
art 24 11, 95
art 24.2 83
art 24.4 25
art 25 100, 113
art 25.2 35
art 26 11, 55, 56–7, 60, 61
art 26.2 61
art 27 11, 24, 55, 56, 57
art 27.4 25
art 28 11, 55, 63–4, 65, 76
art 28.1 78
art 28.2 78, 116
art 28.3 25, 78
art 29 55, 78
art 29.1 67–8, 76
art 29.2 63, 68
art 30 73, 76, 77, 78–9
art 31.2 109
art 32 56, 76, 118
art 32.2 118
art 33 119
art 34 25, 120
art 35 25, 121
art 36 122
art 37 45, 85, 116
art 37(a) 46–7, 84, 105
art 37(b) 85–6
art 37(c) 84, 87–8
art 37(d) 84
art 38 33, 123–4
art 38.2 123
art 38.3 123
art 38.4 123
art 39 125
art 40 45, 89–90
art 40.1 89
art 40.2 90
art 40.3 90–91
art 40.4 92
art 41 64
art 42 109
art 45 25
child-specific substantive norms 17
Committee see CRC Committee
drafting 14–15, 16–17
entry into force 14
general principles 20–21
best interests of the child 17, 20, 22–3, 28
criticism of 21
equality and non-discrimination 20
life, survival and development 20
right to be heard 20
indivisibility of rights 17, 18–20
international assistance and cooperation 25–6
interpretation 28
IR perspective 15–16
limitations 11
monitoring 26–8
individual complaint procedure 27–8
inquiry procedure 27
inter-state complaint procedure 27
reporting procedure 27
UN special rapporteurs 28–9
Optional Protocol on a Communications Procedure (2014) 17, 27–8
art 2 28
art 3 28
art 5 28
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2002) 17, 33
art 3.3 123
art 4.1 123
art 4.2 123
art 6.3 125
art 7 125
focus 125
shortcomings 124
Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2002) 17
art 3 120, 121–2
art 4 121
art 9 125
p. 152art 10 125
state obligations under 121–2
terminology 120
as paradigm shift 15
ratification 18
reporting procedure 26–7
List of Issues Prior to Reporting 27
roadmap to provisions 4–5
scope 10, 17
CP rights 18
ESC rights 18–19
teleological interpretation 79, 108
third parties as duty bearers 17–18
common responsibility 25–6
parents & caregivers 23–5
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007) 18, 101, 103
adoption 98
art 3 21–2
art 7 6, 98
art 24 65–6
art 24.1 65–6, 68
Committee 66
scope 10
CP rights 9, 16
of children 45, 79
codification 10
/ESC rights dichotomy 18
fair trial 89–92
immediate realisation 10
liberty 83–9
life, survival and development 80–83
see also differentiated rights; ESC rights; right to liberty
CRC Committee 7, 12, 20–21
General Comment 5 106, 107, 124
General Comment 8 116
General Comment 9 98–9
General Comment 11 79
General Comment 12 54, 107
General Comment 13 115
General Comment 15 93
General Comment 16 130
General Comment 21 130
General Comment 22 75, 130
General Comment 23 75, 76, 130
General Comment 24 89, 91, 105
General Comment 25 49, 108, 130
Joint General Recommendation/Comment on harmful practices 97
difference dilemma 2–3
definition 2
working children 2–3
differentiated rights 3, 80
children with disabilities see right to health
fair trial 89–92
alternatives to custody 92
child-friendly justice 92
child-specific procedural guarantees 89
‘diversion’ 91–2
enhanced safeguards 90
minimum age of criminal responsibility 91
right to privacy 90
right to be treated with dignity and respect 89
Salduz v Turkey 90
state obligations 90–91
health see right to health
liberty see right to liberty
physical integrity 80–83
development 83
inherent right to life 80, 81–82
mortality rates 80, 82–3
survival 81, 82–3
discrimination
against Indigenous children 78
against minorities 78
against Roma children 65
age-related 38
defining 72
new grounds of 71
non- see non-discrimination
prohibited grounds 70–71, 72, 98
disability 71, 98, 99–100
gender 71
p. 153right to health information without 97
right to protection without 6, 73
equal rights 3, 45
adequate standard of living 57–60
adequate housing 59–60
food and clean drinking water 60
fragmented approach to 57–8
measurement of adequacy 57
primary parental responsibility 58
separated families 59
scope 57
state obligations 58–9
asylum seeking/refugee children 73, 74–5
adequate care environment 74
adequate protection 74
assistance and cooperation 74
I.A.M. v Denmark 74
non-refoulement 74
state obligations 74–5
Tarakhel v Switzerland 74–5
unaccompanied children 74, 75
children with disabilities see right to health
decent standard of living 56–7
adequate standard of living see above
education 62–4
freedom of association and assembly 45, 53–6
freedom of expression 45, 49–51
freedom of thought, conscience & religion 45, 51–3
Indigenous children 73, 77–9
economic & social conditions 78–9
right to use own language 78
migrant children 75–7
economic & social conditions 78–9
minorities 73, 77, 78–9
name and nationality 45
non-discrimination see non-discrimination
physical integrity 3
prohibition of torture 46–7
privacy, family, home & correspondence 45, 47–9
social security 60–62
six-fold test for retrogressive measures 61–2
see also right to education
ESC rights 9, 10, 11, 18–19, 25
adequate standard of living 55
/CP rights dichotomy 18
education see right to education
health 80, 93
implementation 18–19
misunderstanding of 19
obligations 19–20
participation 19
progressive realisation 10, 18, 56, 61
protection 19
provision 19
social security 55
work 55–6
see also CP rights; differentiated rights; equal rights
EU
Charter of Fundamental Rights (2007) 8
art 24 8
art 32 8
Council Regulation 2019/1111 30
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR) 49
Europe
Council of Europe Guidelines on child-friendly justice 92
European Committee of Social Rights 8
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
art 3 116
p. 154European Convention on Human Rights (1950) 8
art 2 80
focus 10
European Court of Human Rights 8
Revised European Social Charter (1996) 8
art 17 8
art 7.10 8
focus 10
female genital mutilation 97–8
see also right to health
Geneva Conventions
Additional Protocols (1977) 29
Geneva Declaration (1924) 35, 104, 118
Geneva Declaration (1959) 35, 104, 118
Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 30
art 3 112
Hague Convention on Jurisdiction … for the Protection of Children (1996) 30
Hague Convention on Protection … Intercountry Adoption (1993) 30, 114
Havana Rules (1990) 85
Rule 12 87
Rules 59–62 87
human rights 5
absolute 11
prohibition of torture 11
/relative distinction 11
right to life 11
children’s see children’s rights
civil & political see CP rights
core treaties 17
economic, social & cultural see ESC rights
freedoms 45
association 53–6
educational 63
expression 49–51
thought, conscience & religion 51–3
limitations 11
obligations
negative 11–12
positive 12
respect, protect and fulfil 11–12
participation rights 45
relative 11, 72
freedoms 54
non-discrimination 72
privacy, family, home or correspondence 48
solidarity rights 9, 10
treaties 6
adoption and signature 8
entry into force 8–9
monitoring implementation 7
global system 6
see also individual treaties; negative obligations of states; positive obligations of states
Human Rights Committee 47, 52, 53, 67, 81
Interagency Working Group on Sexual Exploitation of Children Luxembourg Guidelines 120
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)
scope 10
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (2007) 10, 110
art 25 6–7
International Convention on the Protection of the Human Rights of All Migrant Workers … (1990) 6, 10, 18
art 29 6
art 30 6, 76–7
p. 155art 45.2-4 6
non-ratification 76–7
scope 10
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) 6, 11, 47, 70, 89, 98
art 2 10
art 6.1 80
art 6.5 6, 46
art 7 46, 96
art 9.1 84
art 10 84, 89
art 10.2 88
art 10.3 88
art 14 89
art 14.1 6
art 14.4 6
art 15 89
art 17 48
art 18 51
art 18.1 52
art 18.4 52
art 19 50
art 19.1 50
art 21 53
art 22 53
art 23 111
art 24 6
art 26 69
art 25 126
art 27 77
limitations 11
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 6, 10, 70, 98
art 2 10
art 4 11, 64
art 6 56
art 7 56
art 8 56
art 9 60, 61
art 10.3 6
focus 10
art 11 57
art 12 92
art 13 63, 68
art 13.1 68
art 13.2 63
art 13.3 52
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 12, 59, 67
General Comment 13 53, 63, 64
General Comment 14 94–5
General Comment 15 59, 60
limitations 11
International Court of Justice Statute, art 38.1 9
International Criminal Court Statute (1998) 29
International Labour Organization 29–30, 56
benchmarks 119
Convention No. 138 on Minimum Age 117–18
Convention No. 169 on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights 78
Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour 30, 118
minimum age of entry into employment 117
International Year of the Child (1979) 14
Istanbul Convention 31
Lanzarote Convention (2007) 30–31, 121
Machel Study (1996) 122
minimum age of criminal responsibility 33, 105
as contentious 91
in CRC 33
determining 91
negative obligations of states 50–51
abstention from arbitrary or unlawful interferences 49
abstention from arbitrary taking of life 81
protection against interference by private parties 81
p. 156refraining from interfering with freedoms 55
respect 11–12, 73
and non-interference 110, 111
see also positive obligations of states
non-discrimination 69–70
definition of discrimination 72
negative obligation to respect 73
obligations 72–3
positive obligations 70, 73
prohibited grounds 70–71, 72
see also discrimination
obligations
negative see negative obligations
positive see positive obligations
tripartite typology 11–12
fulfil 11, 12
protect 11, 12
respect 11, 12
Palermo Convention 121
positive obligations of states 50–51, 55, 81
arising from children’s vulnerability 55
assurance of right to express views 106
ensuring access to information 108
implied 81
inherent right to life 81–2
privacy rights 49
protection 12
against discrimination or punishment 70
of freedoms 55
and fulfilment 70, 73
right to survival and development 81
special measures 73
see also negative obligations of states
protection rights 110
from abduction, sale and trafficking 30, 121–2
adoption 113
in armed conflict 122–4
age of involvement 123
direct impacts 122
indirect impacts 122
from all other forms of exploitation 122
children deprived of family environment 112–13
from drugs 119
from economic exploitation 117–19
ILO benchmarks 118, 119
in UN SDGs 118
inter-country adoption 113–14
parental responsibilities 111–12
recovery & social reintegration 124–5
right to identity 110
from sexual exploitation & abuse 30–31, 120–21
from violence 115–17
by caregivers 115, 116
corporal punishment 116
defining violence 115
‘non-discretionary and strict’ 117
state obligations 117
by third-parties 115
right to education 62–4
aims 67–8
challenges 62
exclusion 62
lack of sanitation facilities 62
limited access 62
teacher shortage 62
children out of school 62
core obligations 64
educational freedom 63
exemption from courses 67
inclusive education 65–6
Roma children 65
limitations 64
minimum obligations 64
normative content 64
positive school discipline 65
private education 68–9
p. 157progressive realisation 63–4
religious education 68
state obligations 63
right to health 92–3, 101
children with disabilities 98–101
avoidance of institutional care 100
inclusion 99–100
inclusive education 101
medical model 99
procedural guarantees 100
social model 99
specific CRPD provision for 98
general provisions 93–5
international cooperation 94–5
minimum core obligations 94
progressive realisation 93
retrogressive measures 94
specific children’s concerns 95–8
abolition of harmful traditional practices 97–8
accessible health education 96–7
access to healthcare 95–6
adequate nutrition 96
improving health & well-being 95–7
pre- and post-natal care 96
preventive healthcare 97
reduction of infant mortality 95
reproductive health education 97
right to liberty 83–9
deprivation of 84
as harmful 83–4
detention outside juvenile justice 86
as gendered 84
institutionalisation 87
measure of last resort 85
permissibility 85–7
procedural guarantees 84–5
separate detention facilities 87–8
treatment on 87–9
San Salvador Protocol 8, 10
art 16 8
Sustainable Development Goals see UN
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) 119
sources of law 9
special rights 3, 102, 125–6
best interests of the child 102–4, 125
I.A.M. (on behalf of K.Y.M.) v Denmark, communication No. 3/2016 (2018) 103
Centre for Human Rights … and La Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de L’Homme v Senegal N° 003/Com/001/2012 (2012) 103
in CRC 102–3
defining 103–4
development of concept 103
misuse of 104
safeguards 104
substantive right 103
due deference & evolving capacities 102, 104–5, 125
greater agency 105
parental guidance 3
state obligations 105
participation rights 106–9, 125
access to information 108–9
adequate explanation 107–8
child’s views 106–8
CRC dissemination 109
M. and M. v Croatia 107
participation in cultural, recreational and leisure activities 109
right to be heard 107
protection rights see protection rights
p. 158Tokyo Rules (1990) 85
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 6, 35, 126
UN 6
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 14, 82
call for universal child benefits 60
Commission on Human Rights (1978) 14
Declaration on the Rights of the Child (1924) 35
Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959) 14, 35
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) 78
Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) 25
General Assembly 14
adoption of the CRPD (2006) 98
International Year of the Child (1979) 14
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 56
SDG 4 68
SDG 8 118
World Health Organization 82
on child nutrition 96
Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (1981) 96–7
Cover Advanced Introduction to Children’s Rights
Advanced Introduction to Children’s Rights
Publication Date:
30 Jun 2022
Print ISBN:
9781789900279
eISBN:
9781789900286
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789900286
Page Count:
176
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