Index
Publication Date:
30 Mar 2023
Page Range:
168–174
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800889040.bm01
Keywords:
collective security; arms control; peacekeeping; armed conflict; use of force; post-conflict; peacebuilding
Free access

This updated and revised second edition of Advanced Introduction to International Conflict and Security Law provides a concise and insightful guide to the key principles of international law governing peacetime security, arms control, the use of force, armed conflict and postconflict situations. Nigel D. White explores the complex legal regimes that have been created to control levels of armaments, to limit the occasions when governments can use military force, to mitigate the conduct of warfare and to build peace.

Keywords: collective security; arms control; peacekeeping; armed conflict; use of force; post-conflict; peacebuilding
accountability 56–7, 66, 153, 166
Additional Protocol I (1977) 114–15, 117
African Union (AU) 139
aggression 1–4, 73–4, 91–2
Albanian sovereignty 37
Algerian insurgency 123–4
al-Qaeda 42, 84–5, 108–9
altruism 4
American Civil War 101, 106, 136
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972) 17
Arab League 139
armed conflict 3
Armed Forces Act (2006) 118
arms control law
biological and chemical weapons 24–5
nuclear non-proliferation 18–21
UN and arms control law 26–9
UN Security Council, enforcement by 22–4
weapons of mass destruction (WMD), non-proliferation 15–17
arms trade 27
Arms Trade Treaty 27
Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations (ARIO) 151
Association of South Eastern Nations (ASEAN) 139
asymmetrical conflicts 105–6
attacks (9/11) 50, 163
balance of power 71
Ban, K.-M. 162
Bell, C. 136, 138
belligerent occupation 126–8
Bill of Rights (1689) 19
Bin Laden, O. 42–3, 108
biological weapons 15, 24–5, 30
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 15–16
Bosnia Genocide Case 62, 160
Brahimi Report (2000) 140–1
Brezhnev Doctrine 41
British East India Company 58–9
Bush Doctrine (2002) 43
CACI contractors 56–7
Calley, W. 118
Cambodian Peace Agreements (1991) 144
Caroline, The 45, 164
cease-fire, temporary 81
centralised enforcement 102
Central Tracing Agency 129
chemical weapons 16, 24–5, 30, 86, 116
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 15–16
child soldiers 1
civilian broadcasting 111
civil
society organisations 65
wars and rebellions 100–1
clandestine biological weapons programme 25
cloud seeding 117–18
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) 126
p. 169Code of Conduct 64–5, 67–8
Cold War confrontation 5–6
collective
defence 73
security law 82
armed attacks 70
as central to collective security 80–2
in Cold War 75–9
peacekeeping 93–7
pragmatism 82–8
security communities 72–5
subsidiary collective security responsibility 88–93
self-defence 38
combatants 107
enemy 122
lawful 104
peacekeepers engage as 146
privilege 122
unlawful 104
community building 72
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 26–7
comrades-in-arms 57
conflict in Indonesia 75
constructivism 7
contractual-type treaty 18–19
Corfu Channel case (1949) 36–7
corporate
social responsibility 63–4
unity 33
Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 32–4
Crawford, E. 104
Crimean War (1854–1855) 99
crimes against humanity 58
criminal justice system 96
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 41, 74–5
customary law 38
cyber-attacks 48, 101, 163–4
Dannreuther, R. 7
Dayton Accords, 138
death squads 148
‘de-Ba'athification’ of Iraq 127
decision-making process 82
Declaration of Paris (1856) 60
decolonisation period in Africa 60
democracy 95, 133, 145, 155
democratic rights 144
democratisation 141
Deutsch, K. 72
development law 135
distinction
in international armed conflict 107–12
in non-international armed conflict 108
domestic legislation 24
Draft Convention 67–8
DR Congo, conflicts in 106
drone strikes 47
dual-use WMD-related materials 16
Dubcek, A. 41
Dunant, H. 99, 112
Dutch East India Company 59
Einstein, A. 31
enemies
combatants 122
of humankind 3
self-defence 43
environment protection 117–18
European-based chartered companies 59
European Court
of Human Rights (ECtHR) 56, 85, 122
of Justice 85
European Union (EU) 139
exclusive jurisdiction and rights 160
Expenses case (1962) 88
Falk, R. 6
financial law 135, 155
Fourth
Geneva Convention 115, 119, 128
Hague Convention (1907) 114–15
Franck, T. 37
Franco–Austrian War 99
free markets and privatisation 55
Galtung, J. 3–5
General Assembly 21, 26, 39, 50, 78, 83, 87, 89, 143, 162
p. 170Geneva Conventions (1949) 99, 101, 104, 119
genocide, crimes against 4
Genocide Convention (1948) 160
geopolitics, shift in 95
Gilder, A. 95–6
Glennon, M. 82
Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (2006) 88
gunboat diplomacy 36
Hague Conventions (1899) 99
Hague Regulations (1907) 126–7
Hart, H. 4
hijacked airliners 49
Hiroshima 31, 116
Huber, M. 34
human community 9
humanitarian interventions 139
humanitarian law 117
humanity 112–14
balance military 159
crimes against 4
and systematic war crimes 40
in warfare 112
human rights 79
compliant 88
responsibilities 85
self-determination and 90
violations 153–4
Human Rights Committee 85, 150
human security 5–7, 11–12, 27, 40, 58, 133, 158
human society, integration of 3
ICRC 64, 128–9
ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001) 67
inherent sovereign functions 54
insurgents 106
Inter-American Court of Human Rights 63, 148
internal violence 11, 147
international armed conflicts (IACs) 100, 120, 122
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 15–16
International Code of Conduct 64–5, 67–8
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) 160
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 64, 128–9
international conflict
achievements of 157–8
and security law 8–9, 11–13, 167
international consensus 2
international cooperation 32
International Court of Justice (ICJ) 20, 36, 39
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 104, 150
International Criminal Court (ICC) 119–20, 152
international criminal justice 152–3
international criminal law 135
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 101
international environmental law 135
international governance 34
international humanitarian law 5, 43, 64, 86, 112, 135
see also law of armed conflict (LOAC)
international human rights law 135, 146–52
International Impartial Independent Commission (IIIM) 89–90
internationalised civil conflicts 95
international law (jus cogens) 39, 116–17, 135–8
Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 32–4
indeterminacy of 71
modern threats and self-defence 48–52
Pact of Paris (1928) 32–4
political doctrines 40–3
prohibition 37–40
self-defence 43–8
UN Charter prohibition 35–7
international legal personality 151–2
p. 171International Organization for Standards (ISO) 66
international peace 2
establishment and maintenance 28
and security 2, 23, 27–8, 35, 73–5, 77, 80, 84, 88, 158
threats to 7, 22
international political framework 71
International Red Cross Movement 99
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) operation 84
international terrorist groups 124
international thinking 133
inter-state
conflict 102
peace 132–3, 135–6
intra-state
conflict 95, 132–3
peace 132–3, 137
Iran 22–4, 28
Iraq 15, 47, 49, 55–6, 80–4, 91, 115, 119, 122, 126–8
Johnson Doctrine 41
jus in bello see Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)
jus post bellum 133–5, 143, 146
jus victoriae 134
Kant, I. 133
Kelsen, H. 75
Khan, R. 47
Koskenniemi, M. 71, 80, 135
Kosovo campaign (1999) 93
Krahmann, E. 9
Krasner, S. 135
Krause, K. 27
law enforcement paradigm 109
lawful combatants 104
law-making treaties 24
law of armed conflict (LOAC) 4–5, 10, 47
Belligerent occupation 126–8
development 100–1
distinction 107–12
environment protection 117–18
existence and type 120–5
historical introduction 99–102
humanity 112–14
ICRC role 128–9
in jus post bellum 147
military necessity 114–15
non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) 101
principles 130
proportionality 115–17
reciprocity 102–7
war crimes 118–20
laws of neutrality 121
League of Nations Covenant (1919) 41, 74
legal language 136
lethal force 109, 122
Libya 60, 93, 110, 125, 161–3
Lieber, F. 108
Lieber Code (1863) 106, 114
Magna Carta (1215) 19
massive military establishments 55
McCoubrey, H. 99, 129
mercenaries 9, 50, 57, 60, 63, 67, 103
military
assistance 41
communications 111
minimum content of law 44
MINUSCA (UN Multidimensional Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic) 96
Modern international law 61
modern threats and self-defence 48–52
Montreux Document 64, 68
Montreux process and soft law 64–6
Morgenthau, H. 9
Moscow Declaration (1943) 73
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) 14
Nagasaki 31, 116
Nasu, H. 7
Nationalist government 77
national licensing schemes, PMSCs 64
National Peace Accord (1991) 138
national self-defence 43
p. 172Neff, S. 2
new technology 48–9
Nicaragua case (1986) 39, 50, 62
NNWS see non-nuclear weapons states (NNWS)
non-compliant company 65
non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) 101, 120, 122
non-military threats 6
non-nuclear weapons states (NNWS) 18
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 15–16
non-state actors 61
non-state armed groups 164
non-state violence 61
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 19, 53, 84, 92–3, 110–11, 125, 161
Northern Alliance rebels 125
North Korea 20, 22, 25, 28, 77, 80
nuclear confrontation 74–5
nuclear non-proliferation
contractual-type treaty 18–19
‘dual-use’ capability 20
high degree of intrusiveness 20
International Court of Justice (ICJ) 20
Magna Carta (1215) 19
NATO 19, 53, 84, 92–3, 110–11, 125, 161
social contracts 18–19
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) 21
nuclear weapons 6, 14, 18, 20–2, 24–6, 29–30, 47, 116
Nuclear Weapons case (1996) 20–1, 116–17
nuclear weapon states (NWS) 15
Opinio juris 38
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 16, 25
Organisation of American States (OAS) 41, 139
Outer Space Treaty (OST) 17
outsourcing 58, 61, 67–8
Pact of Paris (1928) 32–5
Palestinian right to self-determination 90
Paris, R. 142–3
Payne, C. D. 56, 119–20
peace
agreements 135–8
-broker 77
and justice 156–67
and security 9
sociological understandings of 3
peacebuilding 143–5, 159
peacekeepers 146, 150, 159
peacekeeping 93–7, 140–1
Peace Resolution 89
personal dignity 104
political doctrines 40–3
post-Cold War reduction 55
post-conflict law
environment 135
international human rights law and post-conflict rebuilding 146–52
jus post bellum 133–5
peace agreements and international law 135–8
peace-building 139
peace-building and self-determination 143–5
post-conflict states, outside involvement in 138–42
rebuilding 146–52
situations 133, 135
transition 12
transitional justice 152–4
post-conflict states 12, 138–42
pre-emptive strike 45
pre-Westphalian period 10
prisoners of war (PoWs) 102–3
Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) 54–5
contractors working for 61
national licensing schemes 64
regulation, draft convention for 66–8
Somalia 61
p. 173states contract with 164
private violence 9, 59–60
draft convention for regulation 66–8
historical forms of 58–60
history 68
Montreux process and soft law 64–6
Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) 54–5
responsibility forms 56–7
state responsibility for 61–3
states and violence 57–8
prohibition on the use of force 5, 10, 31, 37–40, 43–4
proportionality 115–17
protracted armed violence 123
Public Inquiry of Sir William Gage 56
purposes of law 3
reciprocal behaviour 102
reciprocity 102–7
refugee law 135
regimental amnesia 57
responsibility to protect (R2P) 40, 160–2
resurgent pragmatism 71
right to democracy 95
Rothwell, D. 7
Russia
aggression 90–1
-based Wagner Group 60
illegal invasion 111
-Ukraine inter-state conflict (2022) 105
Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) 43
Second Geneva Convention (1949) 113
security 5–8
collectivise 12
defined 6
-focused politics 6
state security and human 158
threats 8
Security Council 29, 159
authorisation 92
‘case-by-case’ approach 162–3
in Resolution 1483 (2003) 127
resolutions 71
security law, achievements of 157–8
self-defence 10, 43–8
armed drones, use 47
El Salvador 51
enforcing the law 46
human rights law, extraterritorial application of 47–8
international law of 44
jus ad bellum 47
minimum content of Natural Law 44
nuclear missiles by Cuba (1962) 46–7
pre-emptive force 46
pre-existing inherent right of 45
right of 67
right of, individual or collective 84
suicide bombers and armed drones 46
UN Charter in Article 51 44–5
self-destruction 1, 32
self-determination 75, 77, 79, 135, 141, 143–5
external 143
internal 143
post-Cold War era 144
self-judging 66
self-protection 36–7
sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) 159
sexual violence 153–4
single-use WMD-related materials 16
Six Day War (1967) 126
social contracts 18–19, 24
Somalia PMSCs 61
Southern Sudan 143
sovereign equality 146
sovereignty 135, 160
Soviet doctrine 41
Soviet nuclear missiles 70
Spanish Civil War 101
state
-centric concepts 9
internal monopoly 10, 58
p. 174monopoly over force 8–11
responsibility 61–3
rights and institutional powers 35
security 5, 158
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START) 17
structural violence 3
subject weapons technologies 24
submarine warfare 100
subsidiary collective security responsibility 88–93
suicide club 4
Syria 25, 27, 47, 49, 86–7, 89, 92, 101, 106, 162–3
Tadic case (1996) 124–5
target creep 110
territorial sovereignty 37
terrorist attacks 6, 42, 50, 163
Third Geneva Convention 103, 122
transborder instability 11
transitional justice 152–4
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) 21
troop-contributing nation (TCN) 151
UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UKFCO) 61
UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict 113–14, 124
Ukraine
criminal justice system 120
–Russia inter-state conflict (2022) 21, 90, 105
UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in 111
war of aggression against 34, 43
UN and arms control law 26–9
UN-brokered Cambodian Paris Peace Accords (1991) 137
UN Charter 35–7
UN Compensation Commission 166
uncontrolled violence 8
UN Development Programme's (UNDP) 1994 Human Development Report 27
UN General Assembly 27, 75, 94
UN Human Rights Council 66–7
Unilateral Declaration of Independence 79
unilateral enforcement 81
United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) 140
United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) 140
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 135, 158
unlawful combatants 104
UN-mediated political talks 87
unnecessary suffering 113
UN Peacebuilding Commission 142
UN's Due Diligence Policy (2013) 149
UN Security Council (UNSC) 22–4, 49, 58, 84, 90, 165
US-brokered Dayton Peace Agreement (1995) 137
Velasquez-Rodriguez case (1988) 63
vertical proliferation 16
Vietnam War 117–18
violations of international law 161
violence 157
war
crimes 58, 118–20
and peace 2
on terror 84–5, 103
weapon of deterrence 14–15
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 1
weather/climate manipulation 118
Weber, M. 9
Western-dominated General Assembly 89
Western military hardware 95–6
Willrich, M. 16
World Trade Center 49
World War II 72–3
Yemen, conflicts in 101, 106
Cover Advanced Introduction to International Conflict and Security Law
Advanced Introduction to International Conflict and Security Law
Publication Date:
30 Mar 2023
Print ISBN:
9781800889033
eISBN:
9781800889040
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800889040
Page Count:
190
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